Contribution of changes in the chloride driving force to the fading of I(GABA) in frog melanotrophs.

The regulation of alpha-MSH release by GABA is mediated by a chloride-dependent [Ca2+]c increase in frog melanotrope cells.

In frog melanotrope cells, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) induces a biphasic effect, i.e. a transient stimulation followed by a more sustained inhibition of alpha-MSH release, and both phases of the GABA effect are mediated by GABAA receptors. We have previously shown that the stimulatory phase evoked by GABAA receptor agonists can be accounted for by calcium entry. In the present study, we hav...

Spatial and Temporal Dynamics in the Ionic Driving Force for GABAA Receptors

It is becoming increasingly apparent that the strength of GABAergic synaptic transmission is dynamic. One parameter that can establish differences in the actions of GABAergic synapses is the ionic driving force for the chloride-permeable GABA(A) receptor (GABA(A)R). Here we review some of the sophisticated ways in which this ionic driving force can vary within neuronal circuits. This driving fo...

Application of driving force- Pressure- State- Impact- Response (DPSIR) Framework for Analyzing the Human habitat in City of Tehran

Human habitat change is a complicated issue that many factors play different roles in its formation and distribution. Considering this complication, a more comprehensive and holistic approach is needed for a better understanding and management of those factors. The causal frameworks are among systemic and integrated methods for addressing the causes of environmental problems and the relationshi...

What Is The Driving Force Behind Industrial Development In Iran? Rent Seeking And Labor Exploitation As The Driving Force Of Industrial Growth

Response of Ultimobranchial and Parathyroid Glands of the Indian Skipper Frog, Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis to Cadmium Toxicity

Background: Cadmium toxicity has been shown in aquatic animals but the effect on frog’s endocrine glands is not known. We investigated the effects of cadmium on ultimobranchial and parathyroid glands of Indian skipper frog, Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis. Methods: Frogs were exposed to cadmium chloride for short and long terms and sacrificed after 24, 48, 72 or 96 h (short-term) and after 5, 10, 1...